Did you know that strokes are more common in women compared to men? In fact, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that one in five women will have a stroke in her lifetime.

Unlike men, women don’t always get noticeable signs. As a result, they are not apt to seek medical help. And when they do, they may not be able to give their medical professional enough information about symptoms, so they may not receive a stroke diagnosis.

Common signs of a stroke

Part of appropriate treatment is knowing the range of signs. Some can be obvious, but many others are subtle and so, are not well known.

FAST is an acronym that helps people remember the most common stroke symptoms:

Face – One side of the face droops (facial paralysis).
Arms – Inability to raise one arm and keep it raised.
Speech – Slurred speech.
Time – Respond quickly to prevent condition from becoming more serious.

Uncommon signs of stroke

According to Healthline, “Women are about 1.5 times more likely [than men] to report at least one nontraditional stroke symptom.” Women tend to experience mild strokes, also known as transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) more than men as well. These rarely cause permanent damage to the brain but do put individuals at a higher risk of stroke or heart attack.

Symptoms women may experience while experiencing a stroke can include some or all mentioned in the following list. A brief description of is provided for your information.

• Altered mental status – This is the most common sign in women. It can be experienced as drowsiness, unresponsiveness, disorientation, confusion, sudden behavioral change, agitation, and hallucination. Other symptoms may contribute to a person’s mental orientation.
• Balance, walking or coordination problems – This can exhibit as difficulty walking, maintaining balance, or trouble sitting down without falling. You may even notice some stumbling. Dizziness can be a co-symptom because it can cause trouble with walking and balance.
• Confusion or Lack of understanding – This presents as trouble understanding certain statements and commands. This symptom can be difficult to assess since it can also be attributed to other factors such as aging, stress, or simple distractions. Additionally, it may occur in the days leading up to a stroke, so cause and effect isn’t always present.
• Difficulty reading – A stroke can affect one side of the body more than the other. According to Women’s Health, if a stroke occurs on the left side of the brain, which controls language, “It can affect how you speak, your ability to understand what someone is saying, or your reading or writing skills.”
• Dizziness – This is closely associated with lack of balance since dizziness creates difficulty walking or standing. A person may report that the world is spinning, which can result in nausea and vomiting. This can be incorrectly diagnosed as vertigo, so it is important to contact a medical professional if this occurs without warning.
• Facial paralysis – This is usually the most noticeable symptom of a stroke. One side of the face droops or goes completely numb causing the face to be asymmetrical. If you’re not sure, ask the person to smile. If the individual is unable to do so, consider it an emergency situation and call 911.
• Headache – Individuals may experience a sudden severe, often debilitating headache prior to a stroke. It is so painful it can cause extreme nausea and even lead to a potential collapse.
• Hiccups – Women are more likely than men to experience hiccups as a sign of a stroke. According to Dr. Diana Greene-Chandos, a neurologist and Director of Neuroscience Critical Care said, “[Women] actually can have hiccups with a little bit of chest pain with their stroke symptoms, sometimes sending them down the pathway of looking for either heart disease or indigestion.”
• Impaired vision – There may be a period of time prior to stroke where the person complains of impaired vision. This can mean double or blurred vision, or a complete loss of sight. If you hold up a number of fingers and the person cannot tell you how many are showing, call 911 immediately.
• Lack of reflex response – The American Stroke Association says that up to 65-percent of people who have a stroke can develop dysphagia, or difficulty swallowing. It is usually experienced after a stroke, but on occasion it happens prior or during one.
• Loss of sensation – It’s common for a gradual and sometimes total loss of feeling on the skin. A person may also experience a loss of taste and smell.
• Numbness – Numbness, which goes along with a loss of sensation, may be felt more on one side than the other because a stroke typically affects only one side of the body.
• Trouble talking – Halting or slurred speech are also early warning signs. The person may be unable to speak or have trouble forming sentences that make sense. Confusion may accompany this symptom.
• Weakness – You may notice a sudden loss of strength in the muscles of the face, arms, or legs. This could be temporary, or even occur after a stroke has occurred. Numbness may occur simultaneously.

Reducing your risk of stroke if you’re female

Women have a few unique risk factors that make them more likely than men to have a stroke. Women tend to live longer than men, and the risk of stroke increases with age. Some medications, including birth control, may also increase your risk of stroke. Other risk factors include:

• Diabetes.
• High blood pressure (hypertension).
• Mental health issues, including stress.
• Overweight.

Other ways you can help yourself

In spite of factors that you can’t control, there are steps you can take to lessen your chances of experiencing a stroke.

Since the number one cause of stroke is high blood pressure, have yours checked regularly, but at least once a year. If you are diagnosed with hypertension, monitor it routinely.

• Stay healthy – Rather than focus on eating or avoiding a single micronutrient, vary your diet by eating fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grains and lean protein. Beware of labels claiming healthy choices when they may not be. For example, a whole grain muffin is still a muffin.
• Limit alcohol intake – Alcohol can raise your blood pressure, so drink in moderation.
• Stop using tobacco – Smoking of any kind, even light cigarettes, is not healthy and puts you at a greater risk for heart disease and developing a stroke.
• Maintain a healthy weight – Instead of fad diets, talk to your doctor about a sensible approach to weight loss that suits your lifestyle. If you have weight to lose, do so slowly so that you can sustain a healthy weight.
• Stay active – An active lifestyle helps your heart health, strengthens your bones and muscles and can reduce stress. Think of activity in terms of doing something you like. It doesn’t have to be a gym workout.

While these are only guidelines, if you are concerned about your risk of stroke, set an appointment with your primary care provider. Annual checkups are the best way to prevent anything from interfering with good health.

I really want to become a Doctor – Is there anything I can do straight away?

Check out the Cardiology: Unlock ECG Diagnostic Skills and Save Lives on Apprentice Doctor Academy.

Also, explore the ECG Card for Cardiology Course on Apprentice Doctor Kits.

---

In today’s society we have an app for everything. You can download one to measure steps. Another helps set a schedule for newborns. You can use one for register rewards at hundreds of stores. There are even some to learn or translate foreign languages.

In this article I’m not talking about a specific app as much as I’m talking about the numbers measured by wearable fitness devices. They calculate all kinds of bodily functions like number of steps, breathing, heart rate, miles, calories burned, flights of stairs taken, and even REM sleep. Most of them will let you know with buzzing, bells, or firework displays when you’ve reached 10,000 steps within a 24-hour period of time. Many people strive to reach that goal daily and feel good about their fitness level if they hit it more days than not.

Not long ago, the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) published a paper based on a study conducted by the Women’s Health Study. It doesn’t fully answer the question, but does shed some light on it. It found that 4,400 steps per day were associated with lower mortality rates in women when compared to only 2,700 steps. That finding, by itself, isn’t particularly remarkable. Most people know that the more steps you take per day, the better your health.

But how did we determine the number of 10,000 as the appropriate number of daily steps? Regardless of the answer, many people benefit from it. But the number is a curiosity.

What you may not know is that the study suggested once you hit 7,500 steps a day, the benefit may level off. But not even that reveals much more information because the researchers only analyzed the most severe outcome that could result from taking fewer than 4400 steps a day – death. It did not take into consideration the other reasons people exercise such as enjoyment, better quality of life, pain reduction, etc. So, it’s reasonable to conclude other health and emotional benefits are achieved with increased steps.

Without minimizing the findings of this study, we can still ask if there is value in taking more than 7,500 steps. In the case of tracking devices, are 10,000 steps a day still helpful?

Yes. Even though 10,000 started out as an arbitrary number, there is still an advantage of reaching that goal. The equation is simple – the more steps you take each day, the less time you spend being sedentary. Inactivity contributes to metabolic disorders, cancer, and heart disease. If taking more steps every day can reduce these and other ailments, why not step out? It is an inexpensive form of exercise that doesn’t require a monthly gym fee, trainer, or special clothes.

The next question is about the tracker itself. Should you go to the expense? One of the advantages of a wearable fitness device is its external reward system. People look forward to the notification that they’ve hit the 10,000 step goal. One friend of mine enjoyed it so much that on Thanksgiving day he walked circles around my kitchen island until the fireworks display went off on his watch.

This kind of external reward has the added benefit of not being food-related. Many people who embark on a diet will reward themselves with a “treat” if they hit a specific goal – even steps. An edible treat defeats the entire purpose of exercise because it adds far more calories than any number of steps burns off. But an electronic firework display is not only a type of bonus, it is a specific marker that you’ve achieved a quantifiable goal.

If you’ve been considering a walking exercise program but have been inactive, 10,000 steps a day may be too ambitious. On the other hand, it may represent a good starting point. When determining an initial goal, consider your weight, how your joints feel, and even the condition of your feet.* Regardless of the number you choose, it’s important to celebrate when you reach the goal. It becomes your definition of success and deserves recognition. Over time, if you want, you can increase the goal.

For people already engaged in a vigorous fitness routine, the 10,000 steps may be irrelevant. A good friend of mine participates in cardio-strength training three times a week with a trainer. She wears a tracker but only uses it to check her heart rate and number of calories burned. Regardless of the number of steps, which varies with her workout, if she elevates her heart rate for 40-60 minutes, she has achieved what she has established as her goal.

The JAMA study is not the final word on the steps/fitness topic. Measuring mortality against a daily number of steps isn’t much information about the benefits of increased activity in your life. You don’t need a tracker to know more exercise is better than less. If you use a tracker, remember you are more than a set of numbers. It’s tempting to view yourself that way when you start tracking foods, calories, carbs, steps, etc.

Adopting a healthier, active lifestyle isn’t about being perfect or hitting numbers. But if some tracking is helpful to you, then, by all means, do it. But if it makes you more stressed than not, let go of the tracking and make smarter choices in your lifestyle, including taking a daily walk around the block. You don’t need a tracker to do that.

If you are considering dieting along with exercise, you may be interested in reading this.

*Consult a doctor before beginning any exercise program.

I really want to become a Doctor – Is there anything I can do straight away?

Check out the Foundation Medical Course on Apprentice Doctor Academy.

---

Back in May 2019 we published an article on vaccinations. With the increase in the outbreak of the measles, it seems prudent to update our readers on the specifics of your risks of exposure. This is information provided by the CDC and in no way suggests you should or should not get the vaccine for yourself or your children. It merely answers some questions you may have.

Are you immune?

If you were vaccinated or had measles as a child, you are probably immune. However, there may be times when you are asked for evidence of immunity and aren’t sure how to obtain it.

What serves as evidence of immunity?

The easiest evidence of immunity is your vaccination records. But getting your hands on them may be easier said than done. For example, a friend of mine has a son who is 35. She has his records should he need them, but she is exceptionally organized. You may not have yours or have any access to them.

If you were born before 1957 chances are good that you contracted the measles, mumps and chicken pox because no vaccine was available. If that’s the case, it means you were infected naturally and are probably immune. But you wouldn’t have documentation of that. You can solve this problem by having a titer test. This is a simple blood test that can verify your immunity, or lack of it. If you are not immune and choose to get vaccinated, your primary care physician can take care of it for you.

What about boosters?

If you are healthcare worker born before 1957, a booster may be a good idea. The best way to find out if a booster is necessary is to contact your primary care physician for advice. She, or he may suggest getting a titer test to determine your level of immunity. From there you’ll be advised on what you should do.

What is the anti-vaccine movement and how did start?

There are lots of reasons parents are concerned about the MMR vaccine for their children. But the main fear is that the vaccine causes autism. This fear popped up in 1998 due to a study in The Lancet, a well-respected British journal. Because it was a very credible journal, people believed the study represented factual information. Unfortunately this was not the case. It incorrectly linked the MMR vaccine with autism.

Twelve years later The Lancet retracted the study having concluded the research contributing to the findings was fraudulent. Although the lead author had his medical license revoked, it was too late. A dozen years of working with poor information is a long time for it to take root.

Much research has been conducted trying to find a cause for autism, but there is still no definitive answer. What we do know is about 100 genes are somehow liked to the disorder, none of which are connected to the MMR vaccine.

Having said that, a parent’s fear of their child becoming autistic is very real. One in 59 children develop it, so discovering the cause is vital. In the end a definite cause may be the only way to disconnect the MMR vaccine as the cause of the disorder.

I’m not making a case for vaccination one way or another. You want to make the best decisions for your child, so all we can do is provide you with accurate information so that you can make a fully informed decision for yourself and members of your family.

I hope this update has helped a little.For more information see Centers for Disease Control.

I really want to become a Doctor – Is there anything I can do straight away?

Check out the Medical Microbiology: Hands-on Laboratory Techniques for Future Medical Professionals on Apprentice Doctor Academy.

---

There are individuals in the healthcare profession who reach a crossroad where they wonder if they should become a nurse practitioner or a physician assistant. But how do you decide? You want to make an informed decision and to do that you want to understand the difference between the two positions.

Neither a nurse practitioner nor a physician assistant are doctors. But they are both mid-level healthcare professionals who take on some of the responsibilities of a doctor such as making diagnoses, creating treatment plans and writing prescriptions. In a healthcare system that is complex, multilayered and expensive, providers serving in these positions are often exactly who you need to see, making your personal care more cost-effective for you.

Although PAs and NPs may compete for the same positions, they build on different education and training. While you are a student, you’ll make a choice based on one of two healthcare philosophies and approaches.

An NP education is built upon more of a nursing tradition. More often than not it means you are interacting with patients as whole people, focusing on health and wellness. PAs, like doctors, approach your healthcare from a more reactive standpoint. You come in with a problem then are told your diagnosis and recommended treatment. Most of the time there is not a lot of conversation about anything else that’s going on in your life. Nevertheless, both provide excellent treatment; it’s more about what style of interaction you prefer.

What does a PA do?

As the title suggests, PAs help doctors, surgeons, and a variety of medical professions with multiple tasks that help hospitals and clinics function efficiently. Responsibilities include. . .

• Reviewing patient records.
• Conducting examinations.
• Providing treatment.
• Educating and counseling patients.

In some practices, you may have a choice of having your primary care provider be a medical doctor or a physician assistant. In others, a physician may be your primary doctor, but you’ll see a PA who updates your doctor as needed.

Characteristics of a PA

In addition to your medical skills, a successful PA must also possess certain characteristics.

Emotionally calm and stable – The emotional and busy work environment of a PA is stressful so remaining calm will help reduce any anxiety the patients may feel.

Detail oriented – Many PAs enter their own notes on a computer while they talk with patients. Records and treatment plans must be detailed so that upon any return visits, the medical history of a patient is on file.

Works well with minimal supervision – Much of a PA’s job is autonomous, so you must be able to take initiative and be confident in your skills.

Collaborative – You will be working with doctors, nurses, patients, patients’ families, surgeons, and medical professionals of all types. So you must be able to communicate effectively with a sense of partnership.

Compassionate – Each person’s problem is unique to them. So displaying compassion for their perspective and emotional state is crucial to the therapeutic relationship.

Problem-solving – As a PA you will be diagnosing and treating patients, which sometimes involves a little detective work. You must able to problem solve and do so quickly.

Listening – Genuine kindness comes across with patients and garners trust. This is one of the best soft skills you have in your toolbox for diagnosing and treating patients. Without trust, you may not get all the information you need to assess your patient’s situation correctly.

Physician assistant education

The educational path for a physician assistant does not take as long as becoming a medical doctor, but the journey is equally rigorous.
 
Step 1: Four-Year Science or Medical Degree
When enrolling in an undergraduate program, it is a good idea to major in a science. PA programs look favorably on degrees in the following areas:

• Biology.
• Chemistry.
• Nutrition.
• Psychology.
• Sociology.

Your grades are vital when applying to a PA program. Most accredited PA programs require a minimum cumulative grade point average of 3.0 on a 4.0 scale. Admissions committees will look closely at your transcript and expect to see sufficient pre-requisite courses they are necessary for you to be successful in a rigorous medical program. Your electives should include courses like:

• Organic Chemistry.
• Anatomy and Physiology.
• Physiology.
• General Biology with lab.
• Biochemistry.
• Microbiology.

Supportive courses that lead to critical and analytical thinking are:

• College Algebra or Statistics.
• Psychology.
• Developmental Psychology.
• Anthropology or Sociology.
• Medical Terminology.

Step 2: Enroll in a Physician Assistant Program
Most PA programs will take 2-3 years to complete. Before enrolling make sure the program is accredited by the Accreditation Review Commission on Education for the Physician Assistant (ARC-PA).

In addition to the appropriate undergraduate courses, other admissions requirements may include:

• Some kind of previous medical experience. This can include patient care as a volunteer or as a paid healthcare professional.
• Shadowing a physician assistant.
• Demonstrating an interest in your community as a volunteer.
• Graduate Record Exam (GRE) scores – prepare thoroughly for this exam by taking a review course.
• Admission essay.
• In-person interview.
• Letter(s) of recommendation from previous instructors or medical professionals.
• Life support certification – they may accept you earning this as a condition of full acceptance.
• Background check.
• Drug screening.

Initially your first year focuses on topics such as health, medication, anatomy, and the health care industry as a whole. You will also get a taste of clinical experience. Additional content could include pharmacology, pathology, and diagnosis techniques.

In your second year, the focus advances into more complex topics like general surgery, gynecology, and behavioral medicine.

One of the most convenient options for obtaining a PA degree, and eventually your license, is an online program. This allows you to work your program schedule around work and family obligations.

Licensing

Once you have your PA degree from an accredited program, you become eligible to sit for the Physician Assistant National Certifying Examination, also called PANCE, which is administered by the National Commission on Certification of Physician Assistants. Upon passing, you can add the designation Physician Assistant-Certified, or “PA-C” for short.

It is always best to take the PANCE and pass it as soon as possible after graduation. But should you run into difficulties, the organization allows you six attempts to take it as long as you do so within six years of program completion. If you exhaust the total number of retakes, or six years passes, you lose your eligibility and have to re-establish it by completing another accredited PA program start to finish.

It doesn’t matter where you live in the United States. If you want to work legally as a PA you will have to acquire licensing. State requirements vary slightly, so check your region for any additional licensing criteria.
In addition to your license, state law also requires you to hold an agreement with a supervising physician. This agreement establishes a formal collaborate between the PA and the physician even if the physician doesn’t work on site.

Continuing education

Without exception, professionals working in a healthcare setting must engage in continuing education. This ensures you stay current on changes in medicine, diagnosis and treatment techniques, and medical technology. To maintain your certification, you must complete 100 credits every two years across different categories. You can stay updated on re-certification requirements by checking the NCCPA site. It is your responsibility to complete these credits promptly.

Physician assistant salary & job outlook

As you are considering a career as a physician assistant, you want to think about the return on your time and financial investment.

According to information from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, as of 2018 physician assistants made a median income of $108,610 per year. But the best news for PAs is that through 2026 the excepted job growth is 36%, which is much faster than average. As a PA, you can make a very nice living and expect stability in your job.

A physician assistant has an opportunity to work in all kinds of disciplines. You may decide to focus on primary care, which is general in nature. Or you could specialize in psychiatry or geriatrics. The field is wide enough for you to spend your time in an area of medicine that interests you the most. However, each job, state and region has specific regulations, so the hours you work and the amount of physician oversight required will vary.

I really want to become a Doctor – Is there anything I can do straight away?

Check out the Decoding Medicine: Mastering the Language of Healthcare on Apprentice Doctor Academy.

Also, explore the Medical Assistant Practice Kit on Apprentice Doctor Kits.

---

“You have great teeth like your grandpa,” my mother said to me one day after one of my visits to the pediatric dentist. “But your sister is another story.”

Back then I didn’t overthink what she said. I was only eleven, and all I wanted to hear after going to the dentist was, “No cavities.” And that’s all I ever heard until I was in mid-twenties when I had my first cavity. Now I’m over sixty, and I don’t think I’ve had more than four cavities in total; no root canals or any other horror I always imagined could happen to my teeth. My grandfather was the same, although he probably didn’t have quite the same imagination. On the other hand, my sister has had more cavities than I can count.

That got me to wondering if we can inherit bad teeth from our families. My sister and I are different in coloring, bone structure and a lot of other things. So it might not be so far fetched to believe some genetic marker gave her problematic teeth and spared me.

To answer my own question, I did a little research on what elements of oral health are heredity and which are due to how I care for my teeth. It’s a different type of nature versus nurture.

Four Inherited Reasons for Problematic Teeth

Facial structure

Along with specific physical characteristics like hair and eye color, the shape of your teeth and the structure of your jaw are hereditary. These two facial structures can create teeth that are overcrowded or misshaped. Without orthodontic correction, it can be hard to reach some surfaces of your teeth with your toothbrush. So while you may take great care of your teeth, you may have the potential for more cavities.

Enamel thickness

Enamel covers the crown, which is the part of the tooth above the gum. Its purpose is to protect your teeth from decay. Genetics play a role in its thickness and strength. If the enamel is thin, your teeth will be more prone to cavities and other oral health problems.

Taste preferences

It may be difficult to believe, but genetics play a part in your tastebuds. You may love bananas, but your mother may think they taste like cough syrup. Genetics can determine that. A difference like that may not cross your path too much, but when people say they have a sweet tooth, it may have a basis in genetics. Individuals who gravitate toward sugary foods will increase their chances of developing cavities.

Oral cancer

Many factors contribute to the development of oral cancer, but evidence suggests genetics can play a role.

But can you blame all your oral health on your genes? No.

Even with these factors, you may not want to send your parents your dental bills just yet. Also if your teeth have been influenced by genetics, good oral health care can minimize any developing risk.

According to the American Dental Association, “Many common diseases are not inherited as a single gene defect but instead result from gene-environment interactions.” More simply stated, your dental hygiene, your environment, your habits and other factors can also help or hurt your oral health.

Four environmental causes

In addition to genetic factors, the environment also contributes to your oral health.

Attrition – When you clench or grind your teeth, which is often involuntary during sleep, this causes enamel erosion making your teeth more susceptible to tooth decay.

Abrasion – When you brush your teeth too hard, don’t floss correctly or bite your fingernails, pens or other hard surfaces, you can wear away your enamel, increasing your risk of decay.

Abfraction – Flexing or bending a tooth can result in stress fractions, which are slight cracks in your teeth. Bacteria can enter these cracks and brushing, or flossing can reach inside.

Corrosion – This condition occurs when acidic food or liquid hits the tooth’s surface. Certain medications, vitamins, and food are highly acidic and can wear down tooth enamel. Frequent vomiting from bulimia and even alcoholism can also contribute to corrosion.

Three signs of enamel erosion

If you are concerned about enamel erosion, watch for the following symptoms.

Sensitivity – In the early stages of enamel decay, some foods, especially sweets, and extreme temperatures may cause twinges of pain in your teeth. In later stages of erosion, this sensitive will become extreme and at times make you jump or take a sharp inhale of breath.

Discoloration – When enamel erodes, more dentin (the layer of the tooth beneath the enamel) is exposed. As a result, teeth may yellow.

Cracks and chips – You can generally feel cracks and chips in your teeth with your tongue. When enamel wears away, the edges of your teeth become aren’t smooth Cupping, which are indentations on the surface of the teeth, can also occur.

A dozen ways to nurture your teeth

Most of us know the basics of oral hygiene. But as a reminder, here are some things you can do to minimize tooth decay and gum disease.

1. Eliminate highly acidic foods and drinks – Carbonated sodas and citrus fruits and juices are acidic. After ingesting any of these, rinse your mouth with clear water. Using a straw when you drink acidic drinks pushes the beverage to the back of your mouth, mostly bypassing your teeth. Sports drinks are also high in acid which will eat away tooth enamel. They can also trigger acid reflux, which drives acid back into the mouth and onto the teeth.
2. Monitor snacks – When you snack throughout the day, you increase your risk of tooth decay, especially if those snacks of high in sugar and starches. It’s best to rinse your mouth and brush teeth after snacking or having a full meal.
3. Chew sugar-free gum – Chewing sugar-free gum between meals boosts saliva production which helps strengthen teeth with essential minerals.
4. Drink more water – As a general health advantage, drinking water is a good idea. But if you have low saliva volume or dry mouth, drinking more water can help increase your production of saliva, which helps your teeth.
5. Teeth as tools – When opening boxes, packages, or breaking strings, etc., use a proper tool like scissors or box cutters. Leave your teeth for chewing.
6. Grinding Your Teeth – If you grind your teeth, you will probably experience bone loss over time. Your dentist will normally check this during your cleaning appointments. If you grind your teeth at night, special mouthguards can be prescribed by your dentist to wear at night to prevent tooth and gum damage.
7. Oral Piercings – Although popular, tongue and lip piercings can harbor bacteria and may also wound the inside of your mouth. Piercings near the gumline could erode the gums or even nearby tooth enamel which protect nerve exposure. Piercings can also chip your teeth. Before getting a mouth piercing, talk to your dentist about the oral healthcare risks.
8. Mouthguards – Avoid broken, chipped and loss of teeth by protecting your teeth with a mouthguard if you are involved in contact sports.
9. Teeth whitening – Teeth whiteners, and whitening procedures are popular these days. But if you experience gum and tooth sensitivity, discuss your options with your dentist.
10. Flossing – If you’ve been to even one dental cleaning, you know flossing can improve your overall oral hygiene by minimizing plaque in your mouth, a sticky substance that can find every crack and crevice in your teeth. When it remains, bacteria develops causing tooth decay and other dental conditions. This is a hard habit to improve, but one of the most straightforward prevention measures available.
11. The right toothpaste – Using a fluoride toothpaste can strengthen teeth. But using a toothpaste that is too abrasive can weaken them. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration ranks the abrasiveness of toothpastes. Anything above 100 is they have determined as harsh. A rank of 200 is highly abrasive, and any toothpaste above 200 is one to avoid. Consult a comprehensive list.
12. Sealants – Sealants may help prevent enamel erosion and minimize tooth decay. Ask your dentist if you are a good candidate for this treatment.

Even if genetics play a role in how strong, or weak your teeth are, your daily choices about oral hygiene will go a long way to keeping your mouth and teeth healthy. In addition to brushing and flossing, if you follow other prevention measures, you can be confident you’re doing the best you can to keep your teeth in great shape for life.

If you’re interested in helping people care for their teeth, learn about becoming a dental hygienist, dental assistant or dental technician.

I really want to become a Doctor – Is there anything I can do straight away?

Check out the Foundation Medical Course on Apprentice Doctor Academy.

---

Dental technicians, also known as dental laboratory technicians are individuals trained to manufacture dental prosthetics like bridges, crowns, and dentures. Dental technicians have no face-to-face contact with dental patients. They follow a dentist’s written and verbal directives for a patient much like a pharmacist follows a doctor’s prescription when filling a medication.

Areas of responsibility

Although a dental technician rarely, if ever meets patients personally, they have a high degree of responsibility for patient care. Whatever they manufacture for the dentist has to fit correctly and conform precisely to a patient’s teeth, mouth, gums, etc.

Dental technicians will generally:

• Construct full and partial dentures.
• Fabricate:
  • Accurate models from dentist’s impressions.
  • Ceramic crowns using specific techniques.
  • Fix dental prostheses.
  • Restore implants.
  • Porcelain veneers for crowns.
• Maintain dental laboratory records.
• Prepare reports on laboratory activities.
• Trim and pour denture models.

Soft skills to be successful

As with all professions, dental technicians must possess certain soft skills and personal characteristics. Employers will look for them in a hiring interview because they know the more of these you have, the more successful you will be.

• Attention to Detail – You are working from a prescription for a specific patient and must follow it exactly.
• Critical thinking skills – Everyday won’t be perfect. You will encounter problems and must be able to evaluate solutions and pick the best one.
• Interpersonal skills – In some cases you are working in a team environment and must get along with other people.
• Listening skills – Most medical professionals must be able to listen to what is said, and what isn’t mentioned. A dental lab technician is no different.
• Manual Dexterity – In this job you are working with your hands since you are, technically, building items for patient use.
• Reading Comprehension – You will be working from written documents, so must be able to understand what they mean.
• Time Management Skills – Items needed for dental patients must be delivered on time.

Dental technician educational paths

Most employers provide on-the-job training for dental technicians. You can also get formal instruction at some community colleges and technical schools. But beyond on-the-job training, there are additional levels of education.

Certificates

There are two types of dental laboratory technology certificates. Certificates are not considered “academic” because those programs do not contain general education courses. But you are in school for less time and can enter the job market quickly.

The curriculum for the first type of certification focuses exclusively on your technical and applied course work. It will prepare you to take the Certified Dental Technician (CDT) exam.

The second certificate is more introductory in nature and is a good place to start if you are exploring the field but aren’t sure if it’s the right one for you. It’s also a reasonable choice if you plan on acquiring employment that offers on-the-job training. The downside is that it does not prepare you to take the CDT exam.

If you are still in high school and are interested in this profession, it is a good idea to take courses in computers, anatomy, physiology, and chemistry.

Coursework for certificates may include:

• Dental materials.
• Fixed prosthodontics.
• Full dentures and partial dentures.
• Introduction to dental technology.
• Occlusion (how the upper and lower teeth come in contact with each other).

Some of these courses may transfer into an associate degree program.

Associate degree

An associate degree in dental lab technology is an academic degree and will have general education courses that may include English, sociology, psychology, math, etc. Concentration courses will be specific to dental technology and will provide information on:

• Dental anatomy and physiology.
• Ethics.
• History of dentistry.
• Techniques for dentures.

In addition to foundational subjects, an associate degree program generally covers five specialties: ceramics, crowns and bridges, partial/complete dentures and orthodontic appliances. Sometimes, toward the end of the program, you may be permitted to enroll in elective courses to complete a specialization. In that instance, an associate degree may be conferred along with a specialization certificate. Specialization courses that could lead to an additional certification could be:

• Dental ceramics.
• Crafting removable prosthodontics.
• Making crowns and bridges.
• Orthodontic appliances for children.
• Orthodontic prosthetics materials.

Associate degree programs take anywhere from 18-24 months to complete.

Bachelor’s degree

Obtaining a bachelor’s degree in dental laboratory sciences is another possible path to follow. If you have an associate degree, it’s possible you can enter with advanced standing, which means you may be able to transfer in courses you’ve already taken.

The curriculum in a bachelor program is intensive. It is cumulative in that it starts with fundamental and foundational courses that build upon each other. They become increasingly complex, culminating in highly specialized knowledge and skills.

If you go directly into a bachelor’s degree program, you will need a high school degree. Some schools may require standardized test scores such as the ACT or SAT. Occasionally a background check is required.

Courses are offered in subjects such as:

• Advanced fixed prosthodontics.
• Applied laboratory management.
• Ceramics.
• Complete dentures.
• Dental materials science.
• Orthodontic laboratory.

Dental technician specialty areas

As a dental technician, you can work as a generalist where you will work in a wide variety of dental areas. Or you can choose to specialize. Specializations are:

• Prosthodontics technicians – Design and make dentures.
• Orthodontic technicians – Design and make braces.
• Conservation technicians – Focuses on crown and bridge work.
• Maxillo-facial technicians – Help in reconstructing faces which have undergone trauma.

Licensing and certification

Certification is possible, although voluntary. However, certification may make you a more desirable job candidate. The National Board for Certification in Dental Laboratory Technology is the independent board founded by the National Association of Dental Laboratories (NADL) and offers the Certified Dental Technician credential (CDT). To earn this certification, you will have to take a three-part exam that demonstrates your knowledge and skills. Two sections are written, and one is practical. You may sit for the sections in any order, but all must be passed within four years from the date you pass your first section.

Continuing education

An advanced certificate in dental laboratory sciences is also available to help update and maintain your professional proficiency. Talking continuing education classes consistently throughout your career will keep you current with advances in dental medicine and enhance your value as an employee.

Job outlook for dental technicians

According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, as of May 2017, dental technicians earn a median annual salary of $37,670, or $18.59 per hour. Most work is full time in small laboratories. Between now and 2026, the occupation is expected to grow much faster than average for all occupations.

If you are interested in dental medicine but prefer to work behind the scenes, becoming a dental technician may be a good fit for you. But if you like more interaction with patients, you may be more interested in becoming a dental assistant or a dental hygienist.

I really want to become a Doctor – Is there anything I can do straight away?

Check out the Foundation Medical Course on Apprentice Doctor Academy.

Also, explore the Future Doctors Apprentice Doctor Kit on Apprentice Doctor Kits.

---

A dental hygienist is a career move one step beyond a dental assistant and works directly with patients. A dental assistant is a basic entry-level position and doesn’t work directly with patients. If you’ve ever gone to the dentist, you probably spent more time with a dental hygienist than you did with the dentist. A hygienist is the person who cleans your teeth, talks to you about oral care and, undoubtedly, reminds you, yet again, about the importance of flossing.

For any number of reasons, lots of people are afraid of the dentist. Some get their teeth cleaned twice a year regardless of their fear. Others are so scared that they never go.

One of our colleagues recently had her teeth cleaned and talked to her dental hygienist, Tabitha, about the fear people had of dentists. She said, “Older patients are more afraid than younger ones. As dental care, and tools, improve, people don’t have as traumatic experiences growing up, so their perception of dentists and hygienists is much different.”

Even if patients are completely unafraid, good hygienists empathize with them and take great care to be gentle and supportive while still doing their job. Although everyone appreciates the knowledge and capabilities of dentists, it’s the front line people who spend the most time with patients.

Do you think you’d like to be a dental hygienist? Not only is it an excellent entry-level position, it also has an education and career path that most people can insert into their daily lives.

Definition

Dental hygienists work alongside dentists, orthodontists and other professionals in the field of dentistry. During training, you’ll learn to use the tools needed to clean and polish teeth. Depending upon where you work, you may use more traditional tools like scrapers. But in highly technical offices you may use ultrasonic, power and laser devices.

Typical duties

Working cooperatively with and under the supervision of a dentist, a significant portion of your day will be spent cleaning and polishing patients’ teeth and educating them about oral health care. In smaller offices, you may also take and develop X-rays, update medical histories and document a patient’s treatment along with any new and ongoing issues. Most offices now enter data directly into a computer while interacting with the patient, so having a high degree of comfort working with technology is vital to your success.

Characteristics

As a dental hygienist, you must possess compassion, patience, and understanding. You also need the following characteristics. . .

• Attention to detail.
• Critical thinking.
• Highly motivated and dependable.
• Interpersonal skills.
• Leadership potential.
• Listening Skills.
• Manual Dexterity.
• Outstanding telephone and customer service etiquette skills.
• Persuasive.
• Reading comprehension.
• Strong communication, organization skills, and customer follow up.
• Time management.
• Work ethic.

Training/education

To become a dental hygienist you will need an associate degree. Within the program, you’ll learn quite a bit about patient care. You will be able to enhance your critical thinking, and problem-solving skills which are essential when providing direct patient care since some of your work will be independent of the dentist. Your program will combine laboratory, clinical, and classroom instruction.

Earning a dental hygienist associate’s degree will prepare you to work with patients from various backgrounds and teach you how to interact with different healthcare professionals.

In addition to dental and science courses, you’ll also encounter liberal arts courses. Classes such as English composition and public speaking will give you a well-rounded experience and prepare you for the working world.

To enter a dental hygiene associate’s degree program, students are usually required to complete a certain number of prerequisite courses with a grade point average of 2.5 or higher. The topics can range from science to communications.

• Anatomy and physiology
• Dental anatomy
• Head and neck anatomy
• Introduction to dental hygiene
• Medical ethics
• Microbiology and immunology
• Nutrition
• Pathology
• Patient/pain management
• Periodontics
• Pharmacology for dental health
• Radiology

If you have an associate’s degree, or even a certificate, and want to advance your career in both opportunities and wages, you can enroll in a degree-completion program. Such a program allows for a hygienist, with about two additional years of education to obtain a baccalaureate degree. To be accepted, you must have a license to practice and possess a minimum 2.5 grade point average in your previous degree program.

Many programs are offered online or in a hybrid format to cater to those hygienists who are already working in the field. This type of curriculum delivery allows you to study and take exams when it is most convenient for you. Many of these programs are considered post-licensure which means you won’t be required to fulfill clinical requirements. A curriculum focused on leadership skills will familiarize you with evidence-based practice and public health dentistry.

Licenses/certifications/registrations

Once you are a graduate of an accredited dental hygienist program, you must take a licensure exam. Each state has slightly different requirements, so contact your state dental board to find out what your state requires. It’s likely you’ll need to be CPR-certified and undergo a background check. As with most medical professionals, you will have to participate in continuing education courses throughout your career. Such courses keep you updated in new methods of dental hygiene, new technology, and further evidence of how good oral health contributes to good overall bodily health.

Alternative careers for dental hygienists

If you enjoy working in the field of dental medicine, but don’t want to work as a hygienist, there are other careers you can pursue with a graduate degree. With additional education, you can work in one of three primary areas

Corporate

• Corporate trainer.
• Dental insurance officer.
• Dental office manager.
• Hospital or nursing home consultant.
• Sales in pharmaceuticals or dental supplies.

Education

• Classroom or clinical instructor.
• Dean of a dental or medical education program.
• Dental hygiene program director.
• Education researcher.

Public Health

• Community clinic administrator.
• Local/state dental public health officer.

All of these career alternatives require a master’s, or graduate degree program which can take between one and two years to complete. In addition to coursework, you may have to do a capstone demonstrating your mastery of concepts and applications you learned throughout your program. You may also have to do additional research in a specific area of dental hygiene that most closely relates to your interest.
If you choose to continue your education, you can apply to a masters-level dental hygiene program. Minimum requirements include:

• Bachelor’s degree in dental hygiene or related field.
• 3.0 or higher grade point average.
• Current, unencumbered dental hygiene license.
• College transcripts.
• Letters of recommendation.
• Scores from the graduate record exam.

Some schools require personal essays, statement of interest, and even your professional resume to be submitted along with your application for admission.

If your interest in dentistry is high enough, you may choose to become a dentist. You will be in school in a minimum of eight years.

Wages and job outlook

According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, as of 2017, the estimated job growth for dental hygienists between 2016 and 2026 is 20%, which is much faster than the national average. The median annual salary is $74,070, which breaks down to $35.61 an hour.

As the population ages, the demand for dental services will increase, especially as research continues to link oral health to overall health.

I really want to become a Doctor – Is there anything I can do straight away?

Check out the Foundation Medical Course on Apprentice Doctor Academy.

Also, explore the Future Doctors Apprentice Doctor Kit on Apprentice Doctor Kits.

---

As a dental assistant, you’ll work as a member of a dental health team and assist dentists in all phases of dentistry. Unlike dental hygienists, who work directly with patients, dental assistants work directly for the dentist. They are normally chair side and help with procedures at the direction of the dentist.

Becoming a dental assistant is one of the fastest ways you can enter the world of dental medicine. You can complete most programs in less than a year. When you finish your training, you will be able to confidently tell any employer you can:

• Use the terminology, equipment and materials commonly encountered in most dental offices.
• Assist the dentist, other members of the dental healthcare team and dental patients in the delivery of quality dental health care.
• Apply your education to the effective administration of a dental office.
• Perform as an ethical professional in any dental setting, with the ability to exhibit sound reasoning and effective communication in an increasingly diverse world.

Typical responsibilities

Although a a dental assistant is an entry-level position, it is one of the most important roles in a dental office. The required duties are comprehensive and span the inner workings of any dental office or clinic. Regulations may restrict certain tasks from state to state, but most will include the following responsibilities:

• Assist the dentist during a variety of treatment procedures.
• Clean dentures, take impressions of patients’ teeth and perform other assigned lab procedures.
• Engage with patients and suppliers by scheduling appointments or ordering supplies.
• Follow infection control procedures.
• Greet patients and show them to exam rooms putting them at ease as you do.
• Perform office management tasks such as updating records, scheduling and filing.
• Prepare instrument trays.
• Take and develop dental x-rays (radiographs).
• Take a patient’s medical history.

Although not all dentists use assistants at chair side, if the procedure they are performing is complex, you may be there to hand them instruments and perform other duties that create more efficiency.

During your training you will also learn how to take vital signs and sometimes be asked to take them before patients see the dentist or hygienist. Even patients who come in for cleanings could have elevated blood pressures and racing hearts. Dentists want patients to be as calm as possible, and part of your job will be to sooth fraying nerves.

Although hygienists educate patients on oral care, in some offices this may be your job. You will instruct people on how to brush, floss and gargle..

Characteristics

As in most fields of medical care, you are dealing with people who are anxious or don’t feel good. Even though you report directly to the dentist, you may still have to interact with the clientele. Employers will be looking for individuals who can:

• Communicate effectively.
• Demonstrate sufficient manual dexterity to grasp and manipulate small tools.
• Listen and respond appropriately.
• Observe and record details accurately.
• Organize efficiently.

One thing that is important to understand when working in any medical profession is that you are part of a team. While you’re an assistant, be eager to participate, take initiative, and become a reliable go-to person. By doing so you will quickly become an integral part of the office staff.

Education

Most dental assistant programs are a year or less in duration. Some schools offer accelerated programs that you could complete in six to nine months.

Your local community college or vocational school may offer a dental assisting program. It’s also possible that a larger dental office in your area will provide training as part of their overall services. Programs like these allow you earn while you learn.

Other than a high school degree or equivalent, there are no pre-requisites for entering a dental assistant training program.

In a certificate program, general education courses are minimal. Concentration courses focus on:

• Anatomy and physiology.
• Chairside assisting.
• Dental administrative practices.
• Dental materials.
• Dental radiologic techniques.
• Head and neck anatomy.
• Medical terminology with a focus on dental terms and vocabulary.

Most training programs also require you to complete a certain number of hours in a dental practice applying the theory you have learned in the program. Most externships are unpaid, but sometimes lead to permanent employment.

Differences between a dental assistant and dental hygienist

You may be wondering what the difference is between a dental assistant and dental hygienist.

The answer depends upon your resources and how quickly you want to get into the field. If you want to enter dental medicine as soon as possible, your best option is to enroll in a one-year dental assistant program. If your eventual goal is to become a dental hygienist, you can continue your education while working as an assistant. Some employers may even pay your tuition costs.

Each role provides a vital function in dental offices. If you would rather not interact with patients directly, your better option is to be a dental assistant, although the wages aren’t as high.

The following chart gives you a quick snapshot of the differences between the two positions.

Certification

Although you don’t have to become certified, if you do it demonstrates to potential employers that you can perform up to the standards expected by dentists and their patients. By becoming certified, you add value to your training that non-certified candidates won’t have.

To become certified, you’ll have to take the Certified Dental Assistant (CDA) exam offered through the Dental Assisting National Board (DANB). To be eligible to take the assessment, you must have completed a dental assisting program accredited by the Commission on Dental Accreditation (CODA). By visiting their website you can find a CODA-accredited program in your area.

If you are not a graduate of a formal accredited program, but were trained on the job, you can take the national certification exam after you have completed two years of full-time work experience as a dental assistant.

Because state regulations vary, you may be required to be registered or licensed in addition to securing national certification.

Career Opportunities

It isn’t unusual that a practice hires more than one dental assistant, so you may find employment opportunities to be plentiful. Careers exist at:

• Group practitioner dental practices.
• Public health dentistry (schools and clinics).
• Single practitioner dental practices.
• Specialty practices (e.g. orthodontics, pediatric, etc.).

Job outlook

According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), roles in dental assisting are projected to grow 19% from 2016 to 2026, much faster than the average for all occupations. Continuing research linking general health with oral health has resulted in increased the demand for preventive dental services and is the primary explanation for the quick growth.

Wages

The median annual wage for dental assistants was $37,630 in May 2017, $18.09 per hour.

The field of dental medicine doesn’t appeal to everyone. But if you want to work within a mission dedicated to improving people’s oral health care, then becoming a dental assistant may be a good career for you.Becoming a Dental Assistant

I really want to become a Doctor – Is there anything I can do straight away?

Check out the Decoding Medicine: Mastering the Language of Healthcare on Apprentice Doctor Academy.

Also, explore the Medical Assistant Practice Kit on Apprentice Doctor Kits.

---

Many years ago, before everyone had a cell phone, a friend of mine put a little sign next to her landline that read, “Stress is when your gut says no and your mouth says yes.” She did that because she had a hard time saying no to any request. The pressure of having too much to do created so much stress, she couldn’t sleep at night. She eventually learned to say no, but given life in contemporary society, we all have to cope with more and more stress which takes its toll on our heart health.

Think about a typical day in your life. Someone cuts you off on the highway. You drop your favorite mug, and it shatters on the floor. Your dog decides he needs to go out at 1:00 a.m., interrupting your sleep. Maybe you needed to get gas and are now running late for work. You forgot a password, your computer froze up, or your oil light comes on.

All of these can put us into fight or flight anxiety. But there is no one to really fight, and you can’t really run away. The result is stress. Do you react in a calm matter and brush off these awkward, sometimes irritating moments? Or do they frustrate you to the point where you almost hear your heart pounding in your ears?

Small events may feel minor, but depending upon your personality, they could take a more significant toll on your body than you think. Stress does have an impact on our hearts. Did you know that earthquakes and Mondays double the incidence of heart attacks? Are you aware that heart disease kills men three times more than usual in the year following a wife’s death?

While stress alone can impact your heart, feeling stress can lead to behaviors that increase your risk of heart disease. Examples are smoking, drinking, binge eating and skipping your regular exercise routine.

But stress is not the only condition that can hurt your heart.

What creates good heart health?

There are five steps you can take to improve your heart health which can reduce your risk of heart disease, all of which encompass lifestyle changes. A lot of people will try to make the changes one at a time, which is a valid approach. But by adopting them piecemeal, there’s a chance you won’t make all the changes. But if you immerse yourself in them all at once, you will find yourself energized and feeling better sooner.

Exercise
If you see the word “exercise” and shudder, you’re not alone. There are a lot of reasons people have for not exercising, yet it is one of the best ways to reduce stress and improve your heart health. You don’t have to spend hours in a gym. Thirty minutes a day of walking goes a long way to improving your cardio conditioning and muscle tone. If you can do it without looking at your phone the entire time, it’s even better.

Lose Weight
Losing weight is not about dieting. It’s about changing how, what, and sometimes when you eat. When your weight increases, so does your risk for plaque build-up in your arteries, which can lead to a heart attack, heart disease, and high blood pressure.

Stop smoking
Even if you smoke, including pot, you probably know it’s not the best habit. Smoking puts you at risk for developing heart disease as well as many other conditions such as lung and kidney cancer. Think about what you’re doing when you smoke. You are intentionally breathing in smoke. Would you go into a burning building to do that? Of course not. So why take breaks during the day to do the same thing? Stop cold turkey or try any number of products on the market that can help you cut back and eventually eliminate this habit.

Reduce your blood pressure
To minimize your risk of a heart attack or congestive heart failure, lower your blood pressure. Your blood pressure may have been excellent in the past, but guidelines have changed. Check to be sure yours falls at or below 120/80.

Reduce cholesterol
I think almost everyone knows lowering cholesterol levels is one strategy to reducing your risk of heart disease. The first thing to do is to eat heart-healthy foods. Eating fewer saturated fats, such as red meat and full-fat dairy products is a good start. But by exercising, not smoking and losing weight, you can also lower your cholesterol.

Signs of heart disease

Although you can help yourself stay heart-healthy in many ways, genetics do play a part. As such, you can do everything right and still develop a heart problem. Your best defense is early detection.

Early heart disease is often asymptomatic but can be detected through routine check-ups with your healthcare professional.

However, if you experience any of the following symptoms, contact your physician right away. It doesn’t mean you have heart disease. It only indicates you should double check.

• Chest pain during physical activity but subsides when you rest.
• Cold sweats.
• Confusion.
• Dizziness.
• Headaches.
• Inability to engage in your usual activities.
• Nausea/vomiting.
• Pain, numbness, and/or tingling in the shoulders, arms, neck, jaw, or back.
• Reduced ability to exercise or be physically active.
• Shortness of breath when active, at rest, or while lying flat.
• Swelling in your extremities, stomach, and/or neck.
• Tiredness or fatigue.

Another sign of a heart problem is an arrhythmia, which is a serious condition needing immediate treatment. Symptoms of arrhythmia are:

• Dizziness.
• Fluttering in your chest.
• Heart skips a beat or beats too hard.
• Shortness of breath.
• Weakness.

If you experience any of symptoms or a combination of them it is vital you contact your physician right away.

Age may make you more susceptible to heart problems

The older you get, the more susceptible you are to heart problems. As you age, you undergo changes in the heart and blood vessels that increase the risk of cardiovascular disease.

Your heart can be aging, but still be healthy. Nevertheless, it will experience changes like other areas of your body. For example, when you grow older, your skin becomes thinner and loses a certain amount of elasticity. Your eyes can be healthy, but not see as well once you turn 40. All of this is normal and natural, and many of us go to great lengths to minimize the effects of getting older.

Our understanding of how the aging, cardiovascular system leads to heart disease has advanced tremendously over the past 30 years. The medical community is now able to pinpoint risk factors that can contribute to cardiovascular disease. It can also determine how a healthy lifestyle can influence what is termed the “rate of aging.” In other words, while you cannot stop aging, you can slow down its effects.

The aging of other bodily systems, including the muscles, kidneys, and lungs, also contributes to heart disease. One system can possibly impact another and research is being conducted to determine how much. Findings could lead to new treatment methods.

Scientists are researching interventions that can slow the aging of the heart, thus preventing or delaying the onset of heart disease and other cardiovascular problems.

Women and heart disease

In the last 10 years, there has been a push to increase women’s awareness of heart disease. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 25% of the women in the United States will die of heart disease, making it the number one cause of death in women.

Because women are at such high risk for suffering from heart disease, it’s best to control the factors that you can. In addition to taking the steps previously outlined, you can also make the following adjustments in your lifestyle. Even if you aren’t a female, these hold true for everyone.

• Eat foods that your body can absorb nutritionally.
• Manage diabetes.
• Minimize alcohol use.
• Sustain a healthy weight.

Signs of heart disease in women are not the same as in men and are often subtle, or silent. Sometimes the first symptom is a severe event such as a heart attack or stroke. The CDC recommends watching for the following:

• Back pain.
• Burning or other pain and discomfort in the chest.
• Pain in the neck, jaw, throat, or upper abdomen.

The most straightforward way to prevent heart disease is by staying informed about prevention and treatment. But the most immediate action you can is adopting a healthier lifestyle. The sooner you incorporate some of the practices designed to keep your heart healthy, the better you will feel.

I really want to become a Doctor – Is there anything I can do straight away?

Check out the Cardiology: Unlock ECG Diagnostic Skills and Save Lives on Apprentice Doctor Academy.

Also, explore the ECG Card (for Cardiology Course) on Apprentice Doctor Kits.